Tag: cancer

Alcohol and Cancer: What You Need to Know

As Surgeon General, Dr. Vivek Murthy warned about alcohol’s link to cancer, highlighting that many Americans are unaware of this risk. Alcohol is a significant preventable cancer cause, with various mechanisms contributing to its carcinogenic effects. Education is prioritized over prohibition, urging informed decision-making about alcohol consumption.

Before the end of his term as Surgeon General this year, Dr. Vivek Murthy issued an advisory about alcohol and its association with cancer. Known as the “Nation’s Doctor”, the Surgeon General informs Americans about the best scientific information available on how to improve their health and reduce the risk of illness and injury.

President Trump has appointed two physicians to become the new Surgeon General. The first nomination was withdrawn and the second is pending Senate confirmation.

In this post I explain what Dr. Murthy wanted Americans to know about the risk of alcohol drinking so we can make wise decisions about our personal alcohol use.

Alcohol-Leading Preventable Cause of Cancer

Alcohol use is common—in 2019-2020, 72% of U.S. adults reported they consumed one or more drinks per week. But less than half of U.S. adults are aware of the relationship between alcohol consumption and cancer risk.

The direct link between alcohol use and cancer was first established in the late 1980s, and evidence for this link has strengthened over time.

The risk of cancer is greater with larger amounts of daily alcohol consumption. However, since most people drink small or moderate amounts, there are many alcohol related cases in these groups.

The three leading preventable causes of cancer in the United States are tobacco use, obesity, and alcohol drinking.

Alcohol and Cancer Risk Advisory

How Alcohol Can Cause Cancer

First, alcohol breaks down into acetaldehyde in the body. Acetaldehyde causes cancer by binding to and damaging DNA. When DNA is damaged, a cell can grow uncontrollably and create a cancerous tumor.

Second, alcohol creates “oxidative stress”, which increases inflammation and can damage DNA, proteins, and lipids in the body through a process called oxidation.

Third, alcohol alters hormone levels (including estrogen), which play a role in breast cancer.

Fourth, carcinogens from other sources, especially particles of tobacco smoke, can dissolve in alcohol, making it easier for them to be absorbed into the body, increasing the risk for mouth and throat cancers.

The best-established evidence is on the first two pathways of acetaldehyde and inflammation.

Hormonal regulation and alcohol as a solvent are widely thought to be important pathways for carcinogenesis but are not yet fully understood.

Research also continues on other possible mechanisms, including folate deficiency.

Men and Women are at Risk from Alcohol

Alcohol Associated Cancers

Alcohol drinking contributes to at least seven cancers, all of which are among the most common. These include cancers of the mouth and throat, the larynx (voice box), the esophagus, colon and rectum, liver, and breast in women.

Recommendations to Lower the Risk of Alcohol Related Cancer

The only way to completely eliminate the risk of cancer from alcohol use is to refrain from drinking alcohol. However, no one suggests we should make it illegal to make, sell, or drink alcohol.

The United States tried that in the early 20th century in what was known as Prohibition. But even laws did not stop the flow of alcohol so the law was repealed.

Now the emphasis is on education so people know the risk and make informed decisions about their alcohol use. There are warning labels on bottles of alcohol, for other health-related risks.

In the U.S., pursuant to 27 U.S.C. 215, every alcoholic beverage sold in the United States must currently have the following health warning label: “GOVERNMENT WARNING: (1) According to the Surgeon General, women should not drink alcoholic beverages during pregnancy because of the risk of birth defects. (2) Consumption of alcoholic beverages impairs your ability to drive a car or operate machinery, and may cause health problems.”

This label statement has remained unchanged since its inception in 1988.The power to change the label statement lies with Congress.

Given the conclusive evidence on the cancer risk from alcohol consumption, the Surgeon General recommends an update to the Surgeon General’s warning label for alcohol-containing beverages to include a cancer risk warning.

What you can do to lower your cancer risk

People who are already at increased risk of certain cancers will want to consider their alcohol use carefully. For example, people with a family history of colon cancer may want to drink minimal amounts, if at all.

Women who have had breast cancer may want to refrain from any alcohol use. Talk to your doctor about your cancer risk factors and any behaviors that put you at increased risk.

Assess your drinking behavior and the need for change at this link

RETHINKING DRINKING

You can read the full advisory and find other resources at this link from HHS.

Alcohol and Cancer Risk

Information about breast cancer in a previous post

Observing Breast Cancer Awareness

In October, awareness of breast cancer is highlighted. This common cancer affects both women and men, with various types identified. Risk factors include age, genetics, and lifestyle. Early detection and preventive measures can significantly improve outcomes, emphasizing the need for education and support during Breast Cancer Awareness Month.

Keep reading
Aletha Cress Oglesby, M.D.'s avatar by Aletha Cress Oglesby, M.D.

This blog post discusses how to apply statistics to understand risk.

Post Images

The graphics in this post are from the HHS website, Office of the Surgeon General.

A post about the former Surgeon General

Dr. Murthy’s Parting Prescription

In this post I review outgoing U.S. Surgeon General Dr. Vivek Murthy’s “Parting Prescription for America” . He reminds us of the importance of rebuilding community through relationships, service, and purpose. The erosion of community leads to disconnection and poor health. Dr. Murthy advocates for a cultural shift towards fulfillment and connection as a path…

Aletha Cress Oglesby, M.D.'s avatar by Aletha Cress Oglesby, M.D.

Exploring the HEART of health

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I enjoy seeing who is new to Watercress Words. When you subscribe, I will visit your blog or website. Thanks and see you next time.

Dr. Aletha

How Vaccination Protects Against Infectious and Chronic Diseases

In this post I remind you that infectious diseases can be mild but may lead to severe complications or chronic conditions. Trust in vaccines is essential, as their widespread use has drastically reduced the incidence of certain diseases. Recent measles outbreaks highlight the importance of vaccination efforts which are threatened by vaccine hesitancy.

When you or someone you love is sick with an infectious disease, you question how it was contracted, how long it takes to resolve, and how it could have been prevented.

Fortunately, many infectious diseases are self-limited, meaning they run a fairly predictable course and resolve with or without intervention. These include the common cold, influenza, gastroenteritis, and infectious mononucleosis.

But sometimes infections can cause severe complications or become prolonged illnesses that threaten life or cause long-term disability. We experienced this with SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19, causing millions to be hospitalized and die.

Influenza A infects humans and animals, making it easily spread and a pandemic risk.

Under the current administration, the Department of Health and Human Services, directed by Secretary Kennedy, prioritizes chronic diseases. And it should. According to the CDC, the leading causes of death in the United States are chronic illnesses and unintentional injuries.

But some chronic conditions start with an infection, such as cancers(due to HPV), acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS), and chronic liver disease. And researchers expect to find more.

As the list of chronic diseases associated with long-term viral infection grows, experimental models suggest that chronic virus infection contributes to certain cancers, as well as to diabetes and atherosclerosis (hardening of the arteries). 

Emory University

That’s why I’m sharing advice from Dr. Anthony Fauci, who you probably remember from the COVID-19 pandemic. Long before that virus, he spent years working on the prevention and treatment of other serious viral diseases, including HIV/AIDS, Ebola, and SARS.

How the treatment options for HIV/AIDS have improved since 1987.

In this article published on the NIH website five years ago, Dr. Fauci explained the value of vaccination in preventing infections and his concern about widespread distrust in vaccine science.

December 4, 2019

Building Trust in Vaccines

By Anthony S. Fauci, M.D., (Former) Director,

NIH’s National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID)

Vaccine research reduces disease.

As the director of NIAID, I oversee biomedical research on novel and improved vaccines for infectious diseases- dengue, tuberculosis, malaria, influenza, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), and HIV.

Daily, scientists are advancing research on vaccine technologies that we hope will reduce disease and save lives. Daily, misinformation is threatening to erode the public’s trust in vaccines.

As communicators, we must remind people that vaccination remains one of the best ways to protect ourselves, our families, and our communities from serious infectious diseases. 

Vaccine side effects are extremely rare.

The benefits of getting vaccinated outweigh the risks. But, with so many vaccine myths spreading online, some people are confused.

People often ask me why they need to get vaccinated against diseases they have never seen. For example, only five cases of diphtheria have been reported in the past decade.

I explain that decades of widespread vaccination are precisely why certain infectious diseases are so uncommon in the U.S(link is external).

The more people who get vaccinated, the harder it is for an infectious disease to spread. This is what scientists call  herd immunity.

Unfortunately, successful immunization programs may have diminished our sense of urgency to get vaccinated. People are less concerned about diseases such as polio or measles because most have not seen these debilitating illnesses.

Measles re-emerges when vaccination lags

Yet, recent outbreaks of measles in the U.S. illustrate how gaps in vaccination coverage can allow a highly contagious respiratory disease to spread quickly.

Thanks to widespread immunization, measles has not been endemic (constantly present) in the U.S. for more than 20 years. However, measles exists in other countries, and can come to the U.S. by travelers and then spread to unimmunized people.

It can be helpful to think of vaccines like seatbelts. Although we do not expect to be in an accident every time we drive a car, we still buckle up and strap our children in car seats.

Even though some vaccine-preventable diseases are uncommon in the U.S., it is important to continue recommended immunizations. The recent resurgence of measles is a tragic reminder of what happens when people decide not to vaccinate.

Effective vaccination programs can completely eradicate certain diseases. 

Smallpox, which killed an estimated 300 million people in the 20th century alone, was eradicated in 1980 thanks to an unprecedented immunization campaign that remains one of the world’s greatest public health achievements.

Influenza vaccine’s importance

Recently, I shared my flu shot experience to encourage people to get immunized (October 16, 2019)

As a public health official, I feel obliged to use every opportunity I have to emphasize the value of vaccination and dispel myths about vaccines. As I emphasize in the video, it is misguided on both a personal and community level to skip getting a flu shot.

Influenza can be a very serious illness. Even young, otherwise healthy people who become ill with influenza feel terrible and may miss days of work or school.

Some may even need to be hospitalized. According to the CDC, during the 2017-2018 influenza season, influenza caused an estimated 959,000 hospitalizations and 79,400 deaths in the U.S..

Studies show that flu vaccination can keep you from getting sick and can reduce your risk of flu-associated hospitalization should you become infected(link is external).

Not getting vaccinated also increases the risk of infection to vulnerable individuals in the community. We share a responsibility to protect not just ourselves, but our community from influenza.

Babies under six months of age and people with certain health conditions who cannot be vaccinated are better protected from influenza when the community has widespread vaccination coverage, thus reducing influenza transmission.

Vaccine safety testing

As we research new vaccine technologies, it is important to clearly explain the rigorous process by which vaccines are tested).

Vaccine candidates are first examined in the laboratory and advance to clinical trials only if they are safe in animals. In early-stage clinical trials, researchers test if the vaccine is safe and causes an immune response.

Then, they test the vaccine in large groups to see if it effectively prevents disease. Before granting a license, the FDA evaluates all data to ensure the vaccine’s benefits outweigh any potential side effects.

Additional measures are in place to monitor adverse events post-licensure.

As research advances our understanding of how to prevent and treat disease, we must continue to identify ways to increase the public’s trust in vaccines.

Vaccines can save lives, but only if people trust that they are safe and effective.

Republished from the NIH website, which is in the public domain. Edits done for clarity and length.

Dr. Fauci retired from the NIH in January 2023 after 50 years of service.

Post Images

I took the images in this post during a visit to the Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History in Washington, DC, in 2023. The pictures were part of a temporary exhibit, Outbreak: Epidemics in a Connected World.

Exploring the HEART of Health

I’d love for you to follow this blog. I share information and inspiration to help you turn health challenges into health opportunities.

Add your name to the subscribe box to be notified of new posts by email. Click the link to read the post and browse other content. It’s that simple. No spam.

I enjoy seeing who is new to Watercress Words. When you subscribe, I will visit your blog or website. Thanks and see you next time.

Dr. Aletha